Fusarium Wilt of Banana: The Global Enigma and New Vistas in Management through Microbial Allies

Abstract

Fusarium wilt of banana, incited by a soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) considered as a global enigma to the banana cultivation has garnered significant importance in recent times. The symptomatology of Fusarium wilt in banana illustrates a sophisticated and persistent pathology, one that operates below the surface long before visible signs appear. Understanding the full range of symptom expressions, both external and internal symptoms are essential for early detection. The genetic plasticity, and long term soil persistence of Foc makes the management approaches a daunting task and necessitate an integrated approach to surveillance, quarantine enforcement, molecular diagnostics, and resistant cultivar development and most importantly its management through ecologically benign approaches. Use of rhizospheric and endophytic bioagents could be introduced as a new normal strategy in management frontiers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Foc, covering its biology, pathogenic variability, survival strategies, and the evolving landscape of biological control options. Accordingly, we identify critical knowledge gaps, particularly in the Indian context, and outline strategic directions for future research to inform bio based green management approaches against this resurgent phytopathogen.